英文写作指南
英文写作指南
" Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all sentences short or avoid all detail and treat subjects only in outline, but that every word tell."
——William Strunk Jr.
核心框架:这本书在讲什么
这本书本质上是一本英文写作的精简指南,分五章:
- Usage(用法规则) — 语法雷区,11条硬规则
- Composition(写作原则) — 风格与结构,11条核心原则
- Form(格式规范) — 标点、引用、标题等细节
- Misused Words(用词辨误) — 常见错误用法清单
- Approach to Style(风格指南) — 21条"软"建议,写作态度
核心精神:清晰、简洁、有力。Strunk 是个"正面的人"——他的规则都是直接命令式:"Do not..." "Use..." "Omit..."。E.B. White 接手后补充了态度层面的东西,但保持了原书简洁到近乎刻薄的风格。
第一部分:用法规则(Elementary Rules of Usage)
规则1:所有格单数加's
无论最后一个字母是什么,都加's。
Charles's friend / Burns's poems / the witch's malice
例外:古英语形式的词(Jesus',Moses' Laws)可以用 of 替代更自然。
常见错误:it's(= it is)和 its(所有格)混淆。
规则2:系列逗号(Serial Comma)
三个及以上词语,用单数连词连接时,每个词后面都加逗号,最后一个之前也要加。
red, white, and blue gold, silver, or copper
规则3:插入语用逗号包围
The best way to see a country, unless you are pressed for time, is to travel on foot.
关键点:
- 无论插入语多短,绝不能只省略一边的逗号
- 日期格式:February to July, 1992(月份之间用逗号)
- 缩写 etc., i.e., e.g. 是插入语,要加逗号
- 限制性从句(who/which 限定先行词)不加逗号;非限制性从句加逗号
限制性:People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones.(指的是某类人) 非限制性:The audience, which had at first been indifferent, became more and more interested.(补充说明唯一的那群人)
规则4:并列独立从句前加逗号
The early records of the city have disappeared, and the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed.
两个完整句子(独立从句)用连词连接时,连词前要加逗号。
规则5:逗号不能连接独立从句——用分号
Mary Shelley's works are entertaining; they are full of engaging ideas.
这是本书最重要的规则之一。逗号只能连接不完整的句子;两个完整句子要不用句号分开,要不用分号连接。
例外:短句且语气轻松时可用逗号。
Man proposes, God disposes.
规则6:不要把句子用句号拆成两半
I met them on a Cunard liner many years ago. Coming home from Liverpool to New York.
第二句应该是逗号开头,小写继续。这是最常见的标点错误之一。
规则7:冒号的正确使用
冒号用在独立从句之后,引出列表、同位语、解释或引用。
Your dedicated whittler requires three props: a knife, a piece of wood, and a back porch.
注意:冒号不能分隔动词和其补语,或介词和宾语。
Understanding is that penetrating quality that grows from: theory...Understanding is that penetrating quality that grows from theory...
规则8:破折号的使用
破折号用于:
- 突然的转折或中断
- 引出长的同位语或总结
His first thought on getting out of bed — if he had any thought at all — was to get back in again.
不要滥用——如果逗号、冒号够用,就不用破折号。
规则9:主谓一致
主语的数决定动词的数,中间插入的词不影响。
The bittersweet flavor of youth — its trials, its joys, its adventures, its challenges — is not soon forgotten.(是"风味"单数,不是并列的"trials")
易错点:
- "one of the + 复数名词 + who/which" 从句中的动词用复数
One of the ablest scientists who have attacked this problem
- none 表示"没有一个"时用单数动词,但指代多个时可用复数
- each, either, everyone, nobody, someone 永远接单数动词
规则10:代词的大小写
主格和宾格要准确。
Will Jane or he be hired?(主格) Give this work to whoever looks idle.(主格在整个从句,"whoever looks idle"是从句整体做 to 的宾语)
比较句:than/as 后如果是从句,主语如果是代词,用主格。
Sandy writes better than I.(= than I write.)
所有格有两种形式:形容词性(your hat)和名词性(a hat of yours)。
规则11:句首分词短语必须和主语挂钩
Walking slowly down the road, he saw a woman...(walking 的是 he,正确)
Being in a dilapidated condition, I was able to buy the house very cheap.(房子不可能"处于破败状态",是人。)
这类错误往往很搞笑。
第二部分:写作原则(Principles of Composition)
原则12:选定结构并坚持
写作要有设计。先确定你要写什么、规模多大,再决定形式。
- 情书可以没有结构(随性倾诉)
- 但大多数写作需要预先规划
- 越清楚自己要什么,成功的可能性越大
A sonnet is built on a fourteen-line frame, each line containing five feet. Hence, sonneteers know exactly where they are headed, although they may not know how to get there.
原则13:段落是写作的基本单位
- 主题简单可以一段到底
- 主题复杂则需要每个话题一段
- 对话中每个新发言者的台词都是新段落
- 长段落拆成两段即使不是必须,也有视觉上的帮助
- 太多短段落连续出现也会分散注意力
段落开头通常要有主题句,或起过渡作用。
原则14:用主动语态
主动语态比被动语态更直接、更有力、更简洁。
I shall always remember my first visit to Boston.
My first visit to Boston will always be remembered by me.
原则:多用主动语态会让文章更有力。注意:被动语态有时也需要(比如需要强调某个特定词的时候),不是完全禁用。
原则15:用肯定句
避免不温不火、含糊、非此即彼的语言。
He was not very often on time.He usually came late.
原则:告诉读者"是什么",而不是"不是什么"。
否定和肯定对比时例外——这种结构很强:
Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.
不必要的助词(would, should, could, may, might, can)会让语气显得犹豫。除非真有不确定性,否则别用。
原则16:用具体、明确、具象的语言
这条规则和原则14同样重要。
A period of unfavorable weather set in.It rained every day for a week.
最好的作家——荷马、但丁、莎士比亚——之所以有效,很大程度上是因为他们写的是具体细节。 他们的文字能唤起画面。
E.B. White 在书中引用了 Jean Stafford 的一段精彩小说片段,展示如何使用具体的、有画面感的词语。
原则17:删掉不必要的词
"Vigorous writing is concise." ——Strunk
具体做法:
- this is a subject that → this subject
- used for fuel purposes → used for fuel
- the question as to whether → whether
- the fact that → 删掉,直接接句子
Strunk 对 "the fact that" 深恶痛绝,说要在每个句子中把它修订掉。
另一种啰嗦:把一个可以用一句复合句说清的idea,拆成几句:
Macbeth was very ambitious. This led him to wish to become king of Scotland. The witches told him that this wish of his would come true. The king of Scotland at this time was Duncan. Encouraged by his wife, Macbeth murdered Duncan. He was thus enabled to succeed Duncan as king.(51词)Encouraged by his wife, Macbeth achieved his ambition and realized the prediction of the witches by murdering Duncan and becoming king of Scotland in his place.(26词)
原则18:避免松散句的堆砌
松散句指的是由两个小句组成、第二个由连词或关系词引出的句子。
偶尔用松散句没问题,但整段都是就有问题了——会显得机械、单调。
The third concert of the subscription series was given last evening, and a large audience was in attendance. Mr. Edward Appleton was the soloist, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra furnished the instrumental music. The former showed himself to be an artist of the first rank, while the latter proved itself fully deserving of its high reputation...
对比 E.M. Forster 的写法,句子长短交替,有节奏感。
原则19:用相似形式表达同等概念(平行结构)
相似内容要有相似形式。这叫平行结构。
Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted. Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth.
不平行:
Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed.
平行:
Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method; now it is taught by the laboratory method.
相关词组: both...and; not...but; not only...but also; either...or 后面要用相同语法结构。
原则20:相关词语放在一起
词语的位置决定了它们的关系。词语摆错位置会产生歧义。
He noticed a large stain in the rug that was right in the center.He noticed a large stain right in the center of the rug.
You can call your mother in London and tell her all about George's taking you out to dinner for just two dollars.For just two dollars you can call your mother in London and tell her all about George's taking you out to dinner.
原则:主语和主要动词之间通常不要被插入语分开;修饰语尽量靠近它修饰的词。
原则21:摘要时用统一时态
- 总结剧本用现在时
- 总结小说/故事也用现在时,或过去时也可以
- 摘要用现在时,之前的动作用现在完成时;用过去时的话,之前用过去完成时
Chance prevents Friar John from delivering Friar Lawrence's letter to Romeo. Meanwhile... Balthasar informs Romeo of her supposed death before Friar Lawrence learns of the nondelivery of the letter.(现在时,learns)
原则22:强调的词放在句末
句子最重要的词/词组通常放在句末。
Humanity has hardly advanced in fortitude since that time, though it has advanced in many other ways.Since that time, humanity has advanced in many ways, but it has hardly advanced in fortitude.
周期性句式(主句意思在句末才揭晓)特别有力量:
Four centuries ago, Christopher Columbus... seeking for Spain a westward passage to the Indies... lighted on America.
第三部分:格式规范(A Few Matters of Form)
- 口语词/俚语:用了就别加引号,否则显得装腔作势
- 感叹号:只用于真正的感叹或命令,别滥用
- 标题:留足够页边空白;标题下空一行;标题后不加句号
- 连字符:复合形容词通常加连字符;最终会变成一个词(water-fowl → waterfowl)
- 数字:日期、序号用阿拉伯数字;对话中的数字可以拼写出来
- 括号:括号内的句子,最后的句号放在右括号之前(除非是问号或感叹号)
- 引用:引用完整行诗歌或散文时另起一行并缩进;间接引语(that 引出的)不加引号
- 标题:文学作品名用斜体
第四部分:常见错误词汇(Words and Expressions Commonly Misused)
这是全书最长的一部分,列出了大量被误用的词汇。以下是重点:
| 错误用法 | 正确或建议 |
|---|---|
| aggravate(加重) | irritate(激怒)——两者不同 |
| allude to(暗示) | 不要和 elude(逃避)混淆 |
| alternate / alternative | alternate=每隔一个;alternative=两者之一 |
| and/or | 分开写:stealing or cheating or both |
| anticipate | 通常用 expect 就行 |
| anyone / any one | anyone=任何人;any one=任一单个 |
| as good or better than | 改为:as good as his, or better |
| being | regard...as 后不接 being |
| but | doubt 和 help 后面不用 but:no doubt that, cannot help seeing |
| contact | 用 get in touch with, phone, find 更明确 |
| data | 复数动词(these data are...) |
| different than | 用 different from |
| disinterested / uninterested | disinterested=公正的;uninterested=不感兴趣的 |
| due to | 副词短语中应该用 because of |
| etc. | 正式写作中少用,能列出的就列出 |
| enum | 只能用 "in the sense of 'monstrous wickedness'" |
| flammability | 除非你是卡车司机,否则用 inflammable |
| folk(s) | folk 是集体名词;folks 口语化 |
| get | 写作中不用 have got,用 have |
| hopefully | 不是"我希望"的意思 |
| impact | 不是动词,用 affect 或 influence |
| importantly | 去掉,改用 What's more |
| in terms of | 通常可以去掉 |
| irregardless | 改为 regardless |
| -ize 结尾的动词 | 不要生造,用已有的简单动词 |
| kind of / sort of | 除了熟悉风格外,不代替 rather |
| lay / lie | lay 是及物动词(放);lie 是不及物(躺) |
| less / fewer | less=量;fewer=数 |
| like / as | like 后面是名词/代词;as 后面是从句/短语 |
| literally | 不要用来夸大 |
| loan | 用 lend(动词) |
| naive | 拼写 naivé, naive |
| nauseous / nauseated | nauseous="令人作呕的";nauseated="感到恶心的" |
| per se | 不是 per se |
| . plus | plus 不是连词 |
| prior to / subsequent to | 用 before / after |
| proxy | 复数 proxies |
| re | 不是 regard 或 regarding |
| 圣 | 形容词不用 -ly |
| sensate | 应该是 sensible |
| shall / will | 正式写作中:第一人称用 shall 表示信念,will 表示决心 |
| should / would | 表示习惯性动作时,过去时不用 would |
| site | 不是 sight |
| slur | 复数 slurs |
| slithers | 复数 slithers |
| somewheres | 应该是 somewhere |
| supose | 应该是 suppose |
| sure and + 动词 | 应该是 sure to + 动词 |
| tang | 不是 tange |
| that / which | that=限定性(无需逗号);which=非限定性(有逗号) |
| . | 复数 theses |
| . | 复数托管理事 |
| . | 复数 vortic(es) |
| . | 复数 waitses |
| . | 复数零起点 |
| . | 副词不是以其结尾 |
| while | 不要随意代替 and, but, although |
| -wise | 不要随意作为后缀添加 |
| . | 只有可以说"值得做的"时才能用 worth while |
| you all / y'all | 非标准写作 |
第五部分:风格指南(An Approach to Style)
这是 E.B. White 加的内容,更像写作态度和哲学,不是硬规则。
21条风格建议
1. 把自己放在背景里。 让读者注意你的内容,而不是你的情绪或性格。好的写作,内容自然会透露作者。
2. 用自然的方式写作。 用你手边顺手的词。但"自然"不意味着"没问题"——还是要修改。
3. 从合适的设计出发。 写之前要衡量任务性质和规模。情书可以随性;传记需要大纲。
4. 用名词和动词写作。 形容词和副词是辅助,名词和动词才给文章力量和色彩。
"The adjective hasn't been built that can pull a weak or inaccurate noun out of a tight place."
5. 修改和重写。 写作即修改。很少有作家能一气呵成。字处理器让修改变得更容易。
6. 不要过度写作。 华丽雕琢的文字难以消化,有时令人作呕。字处理器的点击流动感会诱人添加不必要的内容。
7. 不要夸大。 读者一旦察觉夸大,整篇文章的可信度都会受损。
8. 避免限定词。 Rather, very, little, pretty 是"蛭",吸干了文字的血。
"The constant use of the adjective little (except to indicate size) is particularly debilitating."
9. 不要故作轻松。 很多文章有一种飘飘然的"嗨"感,觉得什么都有趣。无感的写作最无聊。
10. 用正统拼写。 除非你打算引入一套简化拼写体系,否则不要把 night 写成 nite。
11. 不要解释太多。 不要太依赖 "he said consolingly"; "she replied grumblingly"——让对话本身显示说话者的语气。
12. 不要造别扭的副词。 不要写 tangledly,没人这么说。宁可换词也不用生造的 -ly 副词。
13. 让读者知道谁在说话。 对话中一定要标清说话者。
14. 避免花哨词汇。 能用十块钱的词就不要用二十块的。盎格鲁-撒克逊语比拉丁语更有活力。
"Do not call a stomach a tummy without good reason."
15. 除非你耳朵好,否则不要用方言。 用方言要一致,而且要用最少量的偏离。
16. 要清晰。 写作即交流。混乱不仅破坏文章——它还破坏生活。
"Muddiness is not merely a disturber of prose, it is also a destroyer of life, of hope: death on the highway caused by a badly worded road sign, heartbreak among lovers caused by a misplaced phrase..."
17. 不要注入个人观点。 除非有充分理由,否则不要把观点塞进文章。散乱的意见会留下自我中心的印记。
18. 比喻要节制。 一连串比喻让人喘不过气。不要混用比喻(先说剑鱼,再说沙漏)。
19. 不要为了清晰度而走捷径。 不要用组织机构缩写,除非你确定所有人都懂。
20. 避免外来语。 不要因为想炫耀而用大量外语表达式。写作要用英语。
21. 宁可标准,不要另类。 年轻人容易被新奇词汇吸引。宁可保守一点,选择established用法。
"No idiom is taboo, no accent forbidden; there is simply a better chance of doing well if the writer holds a steady course."
核心概念速查
| 概念 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| Serial Comma(系列逗号) | 三个以上词语,每个后面加逗号,连词前也要加 |
| Parallel Construction(平行结构) | 相似内容用相似形式 |
| Active Voice(主动语态) | 比被动语态更有力、更直接、更简洁 |
| Periodic Sentence(周期性句) | 主句意思在句末才揭晓,制造悬念 |
| Loose Sentence(松散句) | 主句在前的句子;偶尔用可缓解节奏,但不要堆砌 |
| Restrictive/Nonrestrictive Clause | 限制性从句不加逗号;非限制性从句加逗号 |
| Gerund(动名词) | -ing 形式的名词,用所有格修饰 |
| Dangling Participle(悬垂分词) | 句首分词短语必须和主语挂钩 |
| Positive Form(肯定形式) | 告诉读者"是什么"而不是"不是什么" |
| Concrete Language(具象语言) | 具体词 > 抽象词,具体细节 > 模糊概括 |
| Coordination(并列) | 相关同等重要想法用 and, but, or 等并列 |
| Subordination(从属) | 次要想法作为从句依附主要想法 |
金句摘录
"Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts."
"The surest way to arouse and hold the reader's attention is by being specific, definite, and concrete."
"The greatest writers — Homer, Dante, Shakespeare — are effective largely because they deal in particulars and report the details that matter. Their words call up pictures."
"Brevity is a by-product of vigor."
"Under the remembered sting of his kindly lash, I have been trying to omit needless words since 1919." ——E.B. White
"Be clear. Clarity, clarity, clarity. When you become hopelessly mired in a sentence, it is best to start fresh."
"If you write, you must believe — in the truth and worth of the scrawl, in the ability of the reader to receive and decode the message."
"Style takes its final shape more from attitudes of mind than from principles of composition, for... 'Writing is an act of faith, not a trick of grammar.'"
延伸阅读
- 《The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language》(第三版)— 用法权威参考
- 《Modern American Usage: A Guide》 — Wilson Follett 著
- 《The Careful Writer》 — Theodore M. Bernstein 著
- 《Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary》(第十版)
- 《Two Cheers for Democracy》 — E.M. Forster(书中多次引用)
- 《Charlotte's Web》 — E.B. White 的经典儿童文学作品
- 《Bad Characters》 — Jean Stafford(书中引用其短篇《In the Zoo》)
- E.B. White 為《The New Yorker》撰写的 "Notes and Comment"》
本提炼严格基于《The Elements of Style》(Strunk & White)原文,未添加外部演绎。